Is Your Drinking Water Safe? The Truth About Contaminants (Part 5)

Discover the Truth About Water Contaminants and How to Protect Your Health

Glass of water surrounded by pills and contaminants with text 'Is Your Drinking Water Safe?' and a biohazard symbol in the background

Water is essential to life, but unfortunately, it isn’t always as pure as we’d like to think.

Have you ever stopped to think about what’s really in your drinking water?

Contaminants can enter our water supply from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and even the very processes used to treat public water.

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), more than 77 million Americans are potentially exposed to contaminants in their drinking water, including lead, arsenic, chlorine, fluoride, and even pharmaceuticals. (1)

We turn on the tap every day, trusting that what flows out is clean and safe. But is it?

A nationwide analysis by the Environmental Working Group revealed that a total of 22 known carcinogens in U.S. drinking water could contribute to over 100,000 cancer cases. This groundbreaking study was the first to assess the cumulative health risks of these contaminants, highlighting just how serious the issue may be. (2)

The real concern?

It’s not just one chemical but a toxic cocktail of pollutants, each amplifying the effects of the others. This combination can have serious long-term consequences, making clean, safe water essential in the fight against chronic disease.

The good news?

Understanding what’s in your water and how it can impact your health is the first step in protecting yourself and your loved ones.

Let’s take a closer look at some of the most concerning water contaminants and what’s lurking in your tap.

The Six Most Harmful Contaminants in Drinking Water

Water contamination can result from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and even public water treatment processes. Among the most concerning contaminants are (3,4):

1. Heavy Metals: The Hidden Dangers in Your Glass

Heavy metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic aren’t just environmental pollutants—they could be lurking in your tap water. These metals make their way into the water supply through aging pipes, industrial waste, and even natural deposits in the earth. The health effects can be severe, ranging from developmental delays in children to kidney damage and cancer.

Lead: A Silent but Serious Threat
Lead contamination is often a result of old pipes and plumbing fixtures, particularly in homes built before 1986. Even small amounts of lead exposure can be toxic, especially for children. It’s been linked to learning disabilities, developmental delays, and behavioral issues. In adults, lead exposure can contribute to high blood pressure, osteoporosis, kidney damage, and reproductive issues. (5)
Mercury: A Neurotoxin in Your Water?
Mercury contamination often comes from industrial waste, coal power plants, and mining operations. Even in tiny amounts, mercury can cause neurological damage over time. Chronic exposure has been linked to tremors, memory loss, and developmental defects in children. (6)
Arsenic: A Naturally Occurring Poison
Arsenic may sound like something out of a mystery novel, but it’s a real threat in many water supplies. It naturally occurs in bedrock, but industrial pollution and pesticide use can also introduce it into the water. Long-term exposure is linked to cancer, cardiovascular disease, and nervous system damage. (7)

For a full blog on the adverse effect of heavy metals, check out this blog.

2. Pesticides & Herbicides: How Agricultural Runoff Contaminates Your Water

Pesticides and herbicides are chemicals commonly used in agriculture to control pests and weeds. However, these substances can leach into groundwater or be carried by runoff into nearby rivers, lakes, and reservoirs—eventually making their way into municipal water supplies. Long-term exposure to these chemicals has been linked to a range of health problems. (8)

Pesticides: Hidden Hormone Disruptors in Your Water

Pesticides like organophosphates and carbamates are designed to disrupt biological processes in pests but can also adversely affect human health. These compounds can interfere with the endocrine system, causing hormonal imbalances, reproductive issues, and increased cancer risk. Children are especially vulnerable, with studies linking early exposure to developmental delays and behavioral disorders.

Herbicides: Chemicals That Linger in Our Water

Herbicides such as glyphosate (the active ingredient in Roundup) are widely used to control unwanted vegetation. Glyphosate has been found in many water samples due to its extensive use in farming. Some research links glyphosate exposure to endocrine disruption, reproductive harm, and even carcinogenic effects. (9)

Atrazine: A Hormone-Disrupting Chemical in Your Water

Atrazine is one of the most widely used herbicides in the U.S., particularly on corn crops. It is highly persistent in the environment and frequently detected in surface water and groundwater. What makes atrazine especially concerning is its ability to disrupt hormone function. Studies have shown that atrazine exposure can lead to reproductive abnormalities, including the feminization of male frogs and altered hormone levels in humans. (10)

The Frog Study That Shocked Scientists

One of the most eye-opening studies on atrazine was conducted by Dr. Tyrone Hayes, a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley. In his research, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2002), Hayes found that exposure to atrazine caused male African clawed frogs to develop female characteristics, including the development of eggs in their testes. Some frogs were even completely feminized and became functionally female—capable of mating and laying eggs despite being genetically male. (11)

This study highlighted atrazine's ability to interfere with the hormone testosterone and increase estrogen activity, raising serious concerns about its potential effects on human reproductive health, particularly during fetal development.

Endocrine Disruption: Atrazine is known to mimic estrogen and can interfere with normal hormonal development, especially during pregnancy.
Water Contamination: A 2009 study by the Environmental Working Group found that atrazine was present in the tap water of at least 30 million Americans at levels above what independent scientists consider safe.(12)
Health Effects: Exposure has been linked to menstrual irregularities, birth defects, and increased risk of certain cancers.

3. Pharmaceutical Residues: The Hidden Drugs in Your Water

Ever wonder what happens to medications after they’re flushed down the toilet or excreted from the body? Many pharmaceutical compounds—including antibiotics, hormones, antidepressants, and opioids—aren’t fully removed by wastewater treatment plants and persist in the environment as pollutants. These residues have been detected in rivers, lakes, and municipal water supplies across the globe—sometimes even after filtration. As a result, trace amounts of pharmaceuticals can end up in your drinking water, raising concerns about chronic, low-dose exposure and its long-term effects on human health. (13)

Antibiotics: Fueling the Superbug Crisis

Antibiotics enter the water supply from pharmaceutical manufacturing, hospital waste, and conventional animal agriculture, where they’re widely used in livestock feed. These residues:

Disrupt the delicate balance of the gut microbiome
Contribute to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, or “superbugs”
Undermine the effectiveness of life-saving medications
Are linked to weakened immunity and increased vulnerability to infection

Once in the water, antibiotics can select for resistant bacterial strains, posing a major public health threat that even the World Health Organization has flagged as a global crisis.

Hormones: Disrupting the Endocrine System

Hormonal medications like oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, and anabolic steroids are commonly excreted in urine and can persist through water treatment processes. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can:

Alter reproductive function
Trigger early puberty or delayed sexual development
Contribute to fertility problems
Impact wildlife, including fish populations showing signs of feminization

The concern is especially high for pregnant women, children, and adolescents, who are even more sensitive to hormonal disruption.

Antidepressants & Antipsychotics: Neurological Wild Cards

Antidepressants and other psychiatric drugs like fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and risperidone have been detected in drinking water in parts per trillion, yet even these minute doses could have biological effects. Potential concerns include:

Altered mood regulation
Changes in sleep patterns
Cognitive and developmental impacts in children
Disruption of aquatic life behavior—fish exposed to trace amounts of antidepressants have shown abnormal feeding and predator response

While more research is needed, the presence of these drugs raises red flags about long-term neurological and behavioral effects, especially in vulnerable populations.

Opioids: A New Threat in the Water Supply

With the rise of the opioid crisis, traces of opioids such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and fentanyl are now being detected in surface waters and even some treated municipal systems. These drugs often enter waterways through:

Human waste (after use or abuse)
Improper disposal (flushing unused pills)
Hospital and pharmaceutical runoff

Although concentrations are low, repeated exposure may still have subtle neurochemical effects, particularly in children, pregnant women, and those with chronic illnesses. Even low-level opioid residues may interact with the brain’s opioid receptors, contributing to mood disturbances, hormonal imbalances, or tolerance changes in people already on opioid medications.

4. Fluoride & Chlorine: Are They Helping or Harming?

Municipal water systems commonly add fluoride and chlorine to drinking water, but their long-term health effects remain controversial. (14,15)

Fluoride: A Double-Edged Sword

Fluoride is added to drinking water in many countries to prevent tooth decay. This claim has been evaluated and there are concerns about excessive systemic fluoride exposure. Consumption of fluoride can lead to dental and skeletal fluorosis (hard yet brittle teeth and bones) and calcification of the pineal gland. (16)

Health concerns include:

Dental & Skeletal Fluorosis – Overexposure can discolor teeth and lead to harder, yet brittle (i.e. weaker) bones and teeth.
Pineal Gland Calcification – Research suggests fluoride accumulates in the pineal gland, potentially impacting sleep and hormone regulation. (17)
Neurological Concerns – Studies have linked high fluoride exposure to lower IQ scores in children. (18.19)
Thyroid Dysfunction – Fluoride can interfere with thyroid function, possibly leading to hypothyroidism.

Chlorine: A Necessary Evil?

Chlorine is widely used in municipal water treatment systems as a disinfectant to kill bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens that can cause waterborne illnesses. While effective in reducing infectious disease, chlorine's presence in drinking water raises serious health concerns—especially with long-term exposure. (20)

Formation of Harmful Byproducts

When chlorine reacts with naturally occurring organic matter in water (like decaying leaves or agricultural runoff), it forms disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). These compounds have been associated with:

Increased cancer risk (particularly bladder and colon cancer)
Reproductive problems, including miscarriage and low birth weight
Liver, kidney, and nervous system toxicity

The EPA has set limits on THMs in public water supplies, but cumulative exposure over time may still pose health risks—especially for those who bathe or shower in chlorinated water regularly.

Impact on the Gut Microbiome

Emerging research also suggests that chlorine doesn’t just affect waterborne pathogens—it may also harm the beneficial bacteria in your gut.

Microbiome Disruption: When chlorine-treated water is consumed over time, it may alter the composition of the gut microbiota—killing off beneficial species like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which are essential for digestion, immune function, and mood regulation.
Reduced Diversity: A less diverse gut microbiome has been linked to a range of chronic illnesses, including obesity, metabolic dysfunction, autoimmune conditions, anxiety, and depression.
Dysbiosis: The imbalance caused by chlorine exposure can lead to gut dysbiosis, a condition where harmful bacteria outnumber beneficial microbes. This imbalance is associated with inflammation and chronic disease.

Leaky Gut Syndrome (Increased Intestinal Permeability)

Chlorine and its byproducts may also contribute to intestinal permeability, commonly known as leaky gut. This condition occurs when the tight junctions in the gut lining become compromised, allowing toxins, bacteria, and undigested food particles to pass into the bloodstream.

Systemic Inflammation: The immune system reacts to these foreign invaders, triggering inflammation throughout the body
Autoimmune Risk: Leaky gut has been implicated in autoimmune disorders such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease.
Food Sensitivities: Increased permeability can also lead to new food intolerances and allergies.

Inhalation and Dermal Absorption Risks

It's important to note that chlorine exposure isn't limited to drinking water. It can also be inhaled as vapor during showers and baths and absorbed through the skin, especially in hot water. Studies show that these routes of exposure may even surpass ingestion in terms of chlorine uptake.

5. Radiological Contaminants: The Unseen Nuclear Threat in Your Water

Radiological elements, whether naturally occurring or from human activities, can seep into groundwater and pose serious health risks. (21)

Radium: The Bone-Seeking Element
Radium accumulates in bones similarly to calcium, increasing the risk of bone cancer and leukemia.
Uranium: More Than Just a Radioactive Metal
Uranium exposure can damage the kidneys and release harmful radon gas.
Chromium-6: The Erin Brockovich Chemical
Chromium-6, made infamous by the Erin Brockovich case, is a toxic metal linked to stomach cancer.
Tritium & Other Nuclear Byproducts
Radioactive byproducts from nuclear power plants and medical waste can cause genetic mutations and increase cancer risks.

6. PFAS: The “Forever Chemicals” That Won’t Go Away

PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) are synthetic chemicals found in everyday products, from non-stick cookware to firefighting foam. They’re called "forever chemicals" because they persist in the environment and in the human body. (22.23)

PFAS have been linked to a wide range of serious health effects, even at very low levels, including:

Cancer – Studies have connected PFAS exposure to kidney, testicular, and liver cancer.
Hormone Disruption – PFAS interfere with endocrine function, impacting thyroid health and reproductive hormones.
Immune System Suppression – Exposure has been linked to a weakened immune response.
Developmental Issues – PFAS have been found to affect fetal development, leading to lower birth weights and increased risks of developmental disorders.
Liver and Kidney Damage – Chronic exposure can lead to organ damage and metabolic disorders.

Common Sources of PFAS Contamination

PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) are synthetic chemicals found in countless everyday items. They’re widely used for their water-, grease-, and heat-resistant properties, but they don’t break down easily—earning them the nickname “forever chemicals.”

These are some of the most common sources of PFAS exposure in your daily life:

Non-stick cookware – Especially Teflon-coated pans and bakeware, which can release PFAS into food during high-heat cooking.
Waterproof and stain-resistant fabrics – Found in jackets, outdoor clothing (like Gore-Tex), furniture, and carpets treated with products like Scotchgard.
Fire-retardant furniture and carpets – Many couches, mattresses, and rugs are treated with PFAS-containing chemicals to meet fire safety standards, especially older or commercial-grade items.
Athletic and synthetic clothing – Moisture-wicking and water-repellent sportswear (e.g., leggings, compression gear) often contains PFAS for performance benefits.
Food packaging – Includes fast food wrappers, microwave popcorn bags, pizza boxes, and paper plates—all often lined with grease-resistant PFAS coatings.
Cosmetics and personal care products – Waterproof mascaras, eyeliners, foundations, and long-wear lipsticks frequently use PFAS to improve texture and durability.
Cleaning products – Some sprays, stain removers, and degreasers contain PFAS for grease-cutting and water-resistant properties.
Dental floss – Common, national brand types of floss and similar products use PFAS coatings to improve smoothness and durability.
Tampons and pads – Conventional menstrual products may contain PFAS in the absorbent or leak-proof layers, particularly those marketed as “leak-resistant” or with moisture-wicking linings.
Ski wax and performance gear – Fluorinated waxes, used in competitive skiing, can introduce PFAS into snowmelt and water systems.
Electronics and appliances – PFAS are used in the manufacturing of circuit boards, wiring, and nonstick coatings inside small appliances.
Tap water – Many communities are exposed to PFAS through contaminated municipal water, often from nearby industrial sites, airports, or military bases.

For ways to avoid these harmful chemicals, check out EWG’s Guide to Avoiding PFAS Chemicals.

How to Reduce Your Exposure to Water Contaminants & Ensure Cleaner Water for the Future

The good news? You can take control of your water quality. While contamination is a widespread issue, there are practical steps you can take to minimize your exposure and protect your health.

Smart Ways to Safeguard Your Drinking Water

💧 Invest in a High-Quality Water Filter
Not all filters are created equal! Reverse osmosis, activated carbon, and distillation systems are the most effective at removing fluoride, chlorine, pesticides, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and other contaminants. Be sure to use filtered water for cooking as well—refrigerator filters are not enough and can even become breeding grounds for mold. Check out EWG Tap Water Database | Water Filters for guidance on high quality filters.

📊 Check Your Water Quality Reports
Municipalities are required to publish water quality reports, which help identify potential contaminants in your area. The EWG Tap Water Database makes it easy to look up your local water supply and see exactly what's in your tap.

🔥 Boil Water in Emergencies
If your water supply is compromised during a natural disaster or contamination event, boiling for 1–3 minutes can kill most bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Keep in mind, though, that boiling does not remove heavy metals or chemical contaminants like PFAS.

🧪 Test Your Water Regularly
If you rely on a private well or live near industrial or agricultural zones, regular water testing is essential. Home test kits can check for lead, nitrates, PFAS, and bacteria, giving you peace of mind.

Cut Back on Hidden Waterborne Toxins

🚫 Ditch Plastic Water Bottles
Many bottled waters contain microplastics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals that leach from plastic packaging. These chemicals can interfere with hormone balance and contribute to long-term health issues.

🌿 Opt for Natural Spring Water in Glass Bottles
When possible, choose clean spring water bottled in glass to avoid plastic-derived toxins and reduce environmental impact. Make sure the source is tested and verified.

🚿 Filter Your Shower & Bath Water
Contaminants like chlorine, chloramine, and even PFAS can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled as steam. Installing a shower filter or a whole-house system can help reduce these exposures and protect your skin and lungs.

Everyday Lifestyle Swaps That Lighten the Chemical Load

🧼 Swap Conventional Personal Care Products for Natural Alternatives
Many soaps, shampoos, deodorants, and hygiene products contain PFAS, phthalates, and other hormone-disrupting chemicals. Look for clean, fragrance-free, and EWG-verified brands to reduce your daily exposure.

🪥 Use Fluoride-Free Toothpaste with Hydroxyapatite
Fluoride is a common additive in toothpaste and tap water, but long-term exposure has raised concerns around thyroid health, neurotoxicity, and more. Hydroxyapatite is a natural, enamel-rebuilding alternative that’s safer and gaining popularity for good reason.

🧴 Avoid Antibacterial Soaps with Triclosan
Triclosan is a known hormone disruptor and can contribute to antibiotic resistance. Switch to natural soaps or castile-based formulas to keep your hands clean without harming your health.

💊 Dispose of Medications Properly
Never flush medications down the toilet or rinse them down the sink, as they can end up in the water supply. Instead, use Rx Take Back Program or designated disposal sites to ensure they are handled safely.

Final Thoughts: Simple Steps to Protect Your Health from Water Contaminants

Water contamination is a serious issue, but small, informed choices can make a big difference. Whether it’s filtering your water, staying up-to-date on local water reports, or making mindful purchasing decisions, every action helps reduce exposure to harmful contaminants.

Clean water isn’t a luxury—it’s a basic necessity. By taking proactive steps today, we can protect our health and work towards a future where safe drinking water is accessible to everyone.

Protect Your Health Today

At Denver Sports & Holistic Medicine, we know that water contaminants can lead to serious health issues, from hormone disruption to neurological damage. If you’re experiencing health concerns like fatigue, hormonal imbalance, skin problems, or digestive issues, your water could be playing a role.

We are here to help you understand how water quality and other environmental pollutants can impact your health. We offer a personalized approach to help you reduce exposure to harmful pollutants, detox, and restore your health.

👉 Ready for personalized support?

Request a free consultation with Dr. Martina Sturm at Denver Sports and Holistic Medicine to learn more about how we can help. Together, we can create a plan to support your well-being and empower you to reclaim your health and wellbeing!

Resources

Detox, Functional medicine, Longevity, Nutrition, ToxinsMartina SturmApril 26, 2025Denver Sports and Holistic Medicine Toxins